1.英语科学小知识
1. bat an eye (show surprise, fear, or interest) 眨一下眼睛（表示惊讶、恐惧等）该成语通常用于否定句中，表示不露声色.例：Tom told his story without batting an eye, although not a world of it was true.虽然没有一句话是真的，汤姆编造故事却面不改色.2. be all fingers and thumbs做事笨手笨脚例：He could not undo the string of the parcel ---- she was all fingers and thumbs.他怎么也解不开包袱上的绳子 ---- 真是笨手笨脚. 3. be born with a silver spoon in one's mouth (born with inherited privilege or wealth) 门第高贵；出生富豪[注] 银具是富裕人家身份的象征之一，生在富贵人家的孩子多用银匙 （silver spoon） 喂食.例：When does she know about hardship ---- she was born with a silver spoon in her mouth.她根本就不知道什么叫艰难 ---- 他出生在富贵人家.4. be in sth. up to one's neck (be very much and very seriously involved in) 深陷于.中例：She said she knew nothing about the robbery, but I'm sure she's in it up to her neck.她说她对这起抢劫案一无所知，不过我敢肯定她深深卷入其中.5. bite the hand that feeds one (be very ungrateful) 忘恩负义；以怨报德例：She felt that her protégé had bitten the hand that fed him by making unkind remarks about her in public.她觉得她的被保护人在公开场合讲有损她的话是忘恩负义.6. bite off sb's nose (scold sb. severely; disagree with sb. in a bad manner) 气势汹汹地回答某人；声色俱厉地训斥某人[注] 也作snap off sb's head.该成语最早出现于16世纪.到了18世纪，有人用动词 snap 替换该成语中的 bite 一词.例：She bites off his nose on the faintest provocation.不管有事无事，她动不动就声色俱厉地训斥他.7. break the back of sth. (complete the heaviest or most difficult part of sth. hurt the most import part) 门第高贵；出生富豪[注] 银具是富裕人家身份的象征之一，生在富贵人家的孩子多用银匙 （silver spoon） 喂食.同义语有be born in （或to） the pruple; be radled in purple.例：Now that you've broken the back of the job, have a rest.你既然已经完成了这项工作的主要部分，那就休息一下吧.8. bury one's head in the sand (deliberately ignore sth. that is obvious but unpleasant) 逃避现实；拒绝承认现实[注] 鸵鸟遇到危险时，总是把头埋在沙里，自己看不见敌人就认为敌人也看不见自己，由此产生这一成语.例：He had suspected for some months that his son was taking drugs, but he had buried his head in the sand and refused to admit it, even to himself.几个月来，他一直怀疑自己的儿子在吸毒，但他却采取鸵鸟政策，拒绝承认现实. 9. carry a chip on one's shoulder (have rather an aggressive manner, as if always expecting to be insulted, ill-treated) 以挑衅的态度出现；像要跟人家打架似的[注] 19世纪中叶美国中西部的居民寻衅打架时，常把一块碎木片（chip）放在肩膀上，谁要与他打架就得先击落这块木片.例：He is very difficult to deal with ---- he's always carried a chip on his shoulder about his lack of education.他这个人很难对付----由于没能受到良好的教育，他整天都像要跟人家打架似的.10. chance one's arm (do sth. risky; take a risk) 冒险一试；碰碰运气[注] 该成语原出自拳击运动，后被裁缝吸收为行话；从1890年起，又被士兵们用来指“冒降级的险”例：The manager decided to chance his arms and try to write a book on economy.这个经理决定碰碰运气，试着写一本关于经济的书.。
2.关于美国~学英语~我想了解一些关于美国的知识~请大家推荐一些英文
English is a language skill。
Practice often will improve your language skill。 You can practice often by talking English to yourself。
Listen to how you sound。 Watch CCTV Channel 9 English news broadcast, and watch the announcer speak and mouth movement。
Repeat what the announcers said and compare your sound with the announcer sound。 Watch English DVD movie with subtitle turn on or off。
Repeat the conversation to yourself and go back to repeat the same sentence。 Most Po Tong Wah mother tongue speaker can improve their accent in the L and R sound。
3.用英文介绍美国的教育
For most of us, Hawaii begins to weave her spell（魅力）with some little glimmer（微光） of awareness。
Golden beaches and golden people。 Sun, sand, sea, and surf……And somewhere between the blue skies and the palm trees（棕榈树）……we're hooked（吸引）。
对于大部分人来说，那些星星点点的关于夏威夷的印象，足以让我们沉浸于她的魅力。 金色的海滩金色的人们。
阳光、沙子、大海、浪花……在蓝天和棕榈树之间，我们流连忘返。 The Hawaiian Islands are one of the most beautiful places on earth。
The weather is friendly。 The temperature ranges（在一定范围内变化）from 60-90 degrees all year long。
It's a little warmer in summer, and a little cooler in winter, but every day is a beach day for somebody。 夏威夷岛是世界上最美丽的地方之一。
这里天气晴朗，气温整年在华氏60-90度之间变化。夏天稍暖，冬天稍凉，但对于某些人来说每天都是晒太阳的好日子。
There are no strangers in Paradise。 Perhaps the most beautiful part of Hawaii is the genuine（与生俱来的）warmth of people。
We call it the spirit of Aloha（爱）。 It has allowed a melting pot（熔炉）of cultures from all over the world to find common ground（共同点）， and a new home, in this most gentle of places。
在这人间天堂没有陌生人。也许夏威夷人与生俱来地的热情才是这里真正魅力所在。
我们称之为爱的精神。它是世界上最文明的地方之一，世界各地的文化都可以在这熔炉中找到共同点，生根发芽。
4.英语科普小知识,急
要想学好英语不止才有这几个方面，还要掌握一些重要的知识。
例如：英语中的“八大时态”。“八大时态”分别有：一般将来时，一般现在时，一般过去时，现在进行时，现在完成时，过去将来时，过去完成时和过去进行时。
当然英语的“八大时态”也很重要，它也是学好英语的最基本。以下是“八大时态”的简介。
一、一般时态 1、一般现在时 （1）一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态，常和副词 usually,often,always sometimes, regularly,near,occasionally,every year, every week 等连用。 （2）在由after,until,before,once,when,even if,in case,as long as,as soon as,the moment 以及 if,unless 等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替将来时。
（3）某些表示起始的动词，可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，这类动词有：be,go,come,start,depart,arrive,begin,leave 等。（4）在由why,what,where,whoever,who,that,as 等引导的从句中，也常用一般现在时代替将来时2.一般过去时 （1）表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态，常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。
（2）表示过去习惯性动作。（注意与be used to doing短语的区别） 3.一般将来时 1）表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。
2）几种替代形式： 1)be going to +v在口语中广泛使用，表示准备做或将发生的事情2)be to +v表示计划安排要做的事，具有“必要”的强制性意义。3)be about to +v表示即将发生的事情。
4)be due to +v表示预先确定了的事， 必定发生的事。5)be on the point/verge of +v – ing 强调即将发生的某种事态。
. 二、进行时态 1.现在进行时 （1）表示现在正在进行的动作，常与now,right now,at the mother,for the time being,for the present等连用。（2）表示现阶段经常发生的动作， 常与always,continually,forever,constantly等连用。
（3）表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词。
即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。常用的有：go,come,leave,start,arrive,return等。
（4）有些动词不能用进行时，这是一类表示“感觉，感情，存在，从属”等的动词。如：see,hear,smell,taste,feel, notice,look,appear，（表示感觉的词）；hate,love,fear,like,want,wish,prefer,refuse, forgive（表示感情的动词）；be,exist,remain,stay,obtain（表示存在状态的动词）；have,possess, own,contain,belong,consist of,form（表示占有与从属的动词）；understand,know,believe,think,doubt,forget,remember （表示思考理解的动词）。
但是如果它们词义改变，便也可用进行时态2. 过去进行时 过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后，另一个过去的动作正在进行，或表示过去反复的习惯，常与always,continually,constantly等动词连用。3. 将来进行时 将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示要在将来某一时刻开始，并继续下去的动作。
常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等4. 完成进行时 （现在、过去、将来）完成进行时是（现在、过去、将来）完成时的强调形式，将放在完成时态部分讲述。 三、完成时态 完成时态通常表示已完成或从事的动作。
它可分为： 1. 现在完成时 （1）现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的，刚刚完成的动作（常与yet,already,just连用），或者过去某一时刻发生的，持续到现在的情况（常与for,since连用）。（2）常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：since, for, during, over等引导出的短语；副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等；状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等 （3）完成时态可用在下列结构中：This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句。
如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时；如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。2. 过去完成时 （1）表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。
（2）动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如： I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn't able to get away. 另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是： 1)was / were + to have done sth, (3)过去完成时常用于以下固定句型： 1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时。
2)no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。3)by (the end of ) +过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。
3. 将来完成时 将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作；也可以用来表示一种猜测。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有： by (the time / the end of 。
5.英语科普小知识,急
Ever since they were first put on the market in the early 1990s, gentically mondified (GM， 转基因) foods have been increasingly developed and marketed in many countries in the word,mainly on the basis of their promise to end the worldwide food crisis. But can GM technology solve world hunger problems? Even if it would ,is it the best solutiorr? Despite what it promiises,GM technology actually has not increased the production potential of any corp. In fact Studies show that the most crown GM croo. GM soybeans, has suffered reduced productivity. For instance, a report than analysed nearly two decades of research on mojor GM food crops shows that GM engineering has failed to significantly increase US crop production. Something else, however, has been on the rise, While GM seeds are expensive, GM companics tell farmers that they will make good profits by saving money on pesticides（杀虫剂）. On the contrary, US government data show that GM crops in the US have produced an overall increase in pesticide use compared to traditional crops. “ The promise was that you could use less chemicals and boost production. But nether is true,” said Bill Christison, President of the US National Farm Coalition. At the same time, the authors of the book World Hunger: Twelve Myths argue that there actually is more than enough food in the world and that the hunger crisis is not caused by production, but by problems in food distribution and politics. These indeed deserve our efforts and money. Meanwhile, the rise in food prices results from the increased use of crops for fuel rather than food, according to a 2008 World Bank report. As a matter of fact ,scientists see better ways to feed the world. Another World Bank report concluded that GM crops have little to offer to the challenges of worldwide poverty and hunger, because better ways out are available, among which “green” farming is supposed to be the first choice.。
6.科普英语的内容
暗银河系的发现及其科学意义 In addition to conventional galaxies, the universe contains very dim galaxies that until recently went unnoticed by astronomers. Possibly as numerous as conventional galaxies, these galaxies have the same general shape and even the same approximate number of stars as a common type of conventional galaxy, the spiral, but tend to be much larger. Because these galaxies 'mass is spread out over larger areas, they have far fewer stars per unit volume than do conventional galaxies. Apparently these low-surface-brightness galaxies, as they are called, take much longer than conventional galaxies to condense their primordial gas and convert it to stars—that is, they evolve much more slowly. These galaxies may constitute an answer to the long-standing puzzle of the missingbaryonic mass in the universe. Baryons—subatomic particles亚原子粒子 that are generally protons or neutrons—are the source of stellar, and therefore galactic, luminosity, and so their numbers can be estimated based on how luminous galaxies are. However, the amount of helium in the universe, as measured by spectroscopy光谱学， suggests that there are far more baryons in the universe than estimates based on galactic luminosity indicate. Astronomers have long speculated that the missing baryonic mass might eventuallybe discovered in intergalactic space星系际的空间 or as some large population of galaxies that are difficult to detect. -------------------------------另类海豹哺乳方式与众不同 Until recently, zoologists believed that all species of phocids (true seals), a pinnipped family, use a different maternal strategy than do otariids (fur seals andsea lions), another pinniped family. Mother otariids use a foraging strategy. They acquire moderate energy stores in the form of blubber before arriving at breeding sites and then fast for 5 to 11 days after birth. Throughout the rest of the lactation (milk production) period, which lasts from 4 months to 3 years depending on the species, mother otariids alternately forage at sea, where they replenish their fat stores, and nurse their young at breeding sites. Zoologists had assumed that females of all phocids species, by contrast,use a fasting strategy in which mother phocids, having accumulated large energy stores before they arrive at breeding sites, fast throughout the entire lactation period, which lasts from 4 to 50 days depending on the species. However, recent studies onharbor seals, a phocids species, found that lactating females commenced foragingapproximately 6 days after giving birth and on average made 7 foraging trips during the remainder of their 24-day lactation period. The maternal strategy evolved by harbor seals may have to do with their small size and the large proportion of their fat stores depleted in lactation. Harbor seals are small compared with other phocids species such as grey seals, all of which are known to fast for the entire lactation period. Studies show that mother seals of these species use respectively 84 percent, 58 percent, and 33 percent of their fat stores during lactation. By comparison, harbor seals use 80 percent of their fat stores in just the first 19 days of lactation, even though they occasionally feed during this period. Since such a large proportion of their fat stores is exhausted despite feeding, mother harbor seals clearly cannot support all of lactation using only energy stored before giving birth. Though smallerthan many other phocids, harbor seals are similar in size to most otariids. In addition,there is already some evidence suggesting that the ringed seal, a phocids species thatis similar in size to the harbor seal, may also use a maternal foraging strategy.------------------------------pheromones是什么东东，是不是该划为odorantThere is no consensus among researchers regarding what qualifies a substance as a pheromone. While most agree on a basic definition of pheromones as chemicals released by one individual of a species which, when detected by another individual of the same species, elicit a specific behavioral or physiological response, some researchers also specify that the response to pheromones must be unconscious. In addition, the distinctionbetween pheromones and odorants—chemicals that are consciously detected as odors---can be blurry, and some researchers classify pheromones as atype of odorant. Evidence that pheromone responses may not involve conscious odor perception comes from the finding that in many species, pheromones are processed by the vomeronasal (or accessory olfactory) system, which uses a special structure in the nose, the vomeronasal organ (VNO),。
