1.外国文学常识有哪些
1、古希腊讽喻故事集《伊索寓言》，相传为奴隶伊索所作。
2、中世纪意大利伟大诗人但丁所写的《神曲》，原名《喜剧》，包括《地狱》、《炼狱》和《天堂》三部分。
3、意大利文艺复兴时期的代表人物薄迦丘的代表作是《十日谈》。
4、文艺复兴时期，西班牙最杰出的作家是塞万提斯，其代表作《堂吉诃德》是世界文学的不朽名著。
5、莎士比亚是欧洲文艺复兴时期英国伟大大戏剧家和诗人，其代表作有讽刺喜剧《威尼斯商人》，四大悲剧是《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》。
6、拉伯雷是法国十六世纪最重要的作家，其代表作是长篇小说《巨人传》。
7、十七世纪法国著名喜剧作家莫里哀的代表作，有讽刺喜剧《伪君子》。
8、十八世纪英国启蒙主义文学的代表作家笛福，其代表作为小说《鲁滨逊漂流记》。
9、斯威夫特是英国启蒙运动中的讽刺小说家，其代表作是《格列佛游记》。
10、歌德是德国伟大的诗人、小说家和戏剧家，其代表作有书信体小说《少年维特之烦恼》、诗剧《浮士德》，后者的创作延续了六十年之久。
11、席勒是德国著名的诗人、剧作家。其代表作有戏剧《强盗》、《阴谋与爱情》。
12、拜伦是英国进步的浪漫主义诗人，其代表作有诗体小说《唐·璜》。
13、雪莱是与拜伦齐名的英国诗人，《解放的普罗米修斯》是其最优秀的作品。
14、《德国，一个冬天的童话》、《西里西亚的纺织工人》是德国诗人海涅的代表作。
15、雨果是法国积极浪漫主义文学的奠基人和杰出代表，其最著名的小说是《巴黎圣母院》、《悲惨世界》。
16、司汤达是法国十九世纪批判现实主义文学的奠基人，长篇小说《红与黑》是他的代表作。
17、巴尔扎克是法国伟大的批判现实主义作家，其代表作《人间喜剧》包括96部长篇小说和中、短篇小说，其中重要作品有《高老头》、《欧也妮·葛朗台》等。
18、福楼拜是法国现实主义著名作家，《包法利夫人》是其代表作。
19、狄更斯是英国十九世纪批判现实主义文学的杰出代表，他的第一部长篇小说是《匹克威克外传》，他的第一部自传性质的小说是《大卫·科波菲尔》，《艰难时世》、《双城记》是其后期创作的代表作。
20、萨克雷是英国批判现实主义的优秀作家，其代表作是讽刺小说《名利场》。
21、夏洛蒂·勃朗特和她的妹妹爱米丽·勃朗特，都是英国杰出的现实主义小说家。前者写了自传体小说《简爱》，后者写了小说《呼啸山庄》。
22、莫泊桑是法国十九世纪末优秀的批判现实主义作家，《羊脂球》是他的成名之作，《项链》、《我的叔叔于勒》是他的名篇。
23、罗曼·罗兰是法国后期批判现实主义著名的作家，长篇小说《约翰·克利斯朵夫》是其代表作。
24、左拉是法国著名作家，《卢贡——马加尔家族》（包括《娜娜》、《萌芽》、《金钱》等20篇长篇小说）是其代表作。
25、易卜生是挪威戏剧家，《玩偶之家》是其影响最大的一部作品。
26、安徒生是丹麦著名童话作家，《皇帝的新装》《卖火柴的小女孩》等都是脍炙人口的名篇。
27、斯托夫人是美国十九世纪著名女小说家，其代表作是《汤姆叔叔的小屋》通过老黑奴汤姆的命运，控诉了南部反动的蓄奴制。
28、十九世纪美国著名的民主诗人惠特曼，其诗集《草叶集》，对我国新诗产生过影响。
29、马克·吐温是十九世纪美国杰出的批判现实主义作家，其代表作有长篇小说《镀金时代》、《汤姆·索亚历险记》、《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》、《百万英镑》等，短篇小说《竞选州长》。
30、俄国伟大诗人普希金的代表作是诗体小说《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金》、历史小说《上蔚的女儿》、童话诗《渔夫和金鱼的故事》等。
31、果戈理是俄国十九世纪批判现实主义文学的奠基人之一，其代表作是五幕喜剧《钦差大臣》、长篇小说《死魂灵》。
32、列夫·托尔斯泰是俄国伟大的批判现实主义作家，其代表作有长篇小说《战争与和平》、《安娜·卡列尼娜》、《复活》等。
33、契诃夫是十九世纪俄国杰出的批判现实主义作家，其代表作有中篇小说《草原》、《第六病室》、短篇小说《变色龙》、《万卡》、《套中人》、剧本《万尼亚舅舅》、《三姊妹》、《樱桃园》等。
2.有关英美文学的知识
1. The work that presented , for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely______. A. William Langland ' Piers PlowmanB. Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury TalesC. John Gower'Confessio AmantisD. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightAnswer: B2. The tragedy of Dr.Faustus, the protagonist in Christopher Marlowe's The Tragic History of Dr.Faustus, is the very face that_____.A. man is confined to timeB. he tried to join Africa to SpainC. he became a man without soul after he sold itD. he conjured up Helen, the lady who was the very course of the Trojan WarAnswer: A3. Here are two lines from a ling poem: "Upon a great adventure he was bond, That greatest Gloriana to him gave." The poem must be_____.A. BeowulfB. John Milton's Samson AgonistesC. Thomas Gray's Elegy Written in a County ChurchyardD. Edmund Spenser's The Faerie QueeneAnswer: D4. Literature of Neoclassicism is different from that of Romanticism in that ______.A .the former celebrates reason, rationality , order and instruction while the latter sees literature as an expression of an individual's feeling and experiencesB. the former is heavily religious but the latter secularC. the former is an intellectual movement the purpose of which is to arouse the middle class for political rights while the latter is concerned with the personal cultivation.D. the former advocates the "return to nature" whereas the latter turns to the ancient Greek and Roman writers for its modelsAnswer: A5. When he writes, in An Essay on Criticism, "A vile conceit in pompous words expressed, / Is like a clown in regal purple dressed", Alexander Poppe means that __________.A. pompous words are always destructive to good tasteB. the purple colour is for the royal only and it is ridiculous to dress a clown in purpleC. conceits are always misleadingD. true wit is best in a plain styleAnswer: D。
3.英国文化知识
Let's Learn About England一IntroductionThe British Isles have a rich history going back thousands of years.The history of the United Kingdom includes also the history of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The history is full of invaders, wars, rulers. 二The Kings and Queens Until 1603 the English and Scottish Crowns were separated.Following the Accession of King James VI of Scotland (I of England) to the English Throne. From the end of the 17th century, monarchs lost executive power and they became subject to Parliament, resulting in today's constitutional Monarchy.三The best known Queen: Elizabeth gave the name to a golden age of poets, statesmen and adventurers. Known as the Virgin Queen, or Gloriana.四The best known King:Claims to the throne of France led to the Hundred Years' War and the loss of almost all the large English territory in France. Eduard III五The Historical Flag When King James VI of Scotland ascended to the English throne, thereby becoming James I of England, the national flags of England and Scotland on land continued to be.Flagś crossesThe Union Jack/Flag includes the Cross of St. George (England), the Cross of St. Andrew (Scotland) and the Cross of St. Patrick (Ireland). 六The Most Important WarsThe Hundred Years War 1336-1565 Wars of the Roses 1455-1487Civil War 1642-1645 Boer War 1901-1902World War I 1914-1918 World War II 1939-1945 七Walesa Celtic land of mountains and coalNorthern IrelandIt is clear today that the Irish problem has not been solved. Northern Protestants feel they have a right to determine their own future democratically. Northern Catholics feel they have the right to be part of a united Ireland. 八ScotlandAn English army arrived to relieve the Scots siege of Stirling. Bruce defeated the English army under Edward II, who was lucky to escape with his life. The Scots victory at the Battle of Bannockburn secured complete Scots independence.九EnglandEngland has always played an important role in the worldś economy and business.十Historical Monumentthe name of a very remarkable ancient monument in England It consists of a great collection of stones 十一A Few Facts About EnglandEngland is part of the United Kingdom which is made up of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.England is part of the European Union.The capital of England is London.The money used is called the pound.The population of England is 60,776,238.The language spoken is English.十二Let's visit some important cities in England.Oxford University and the University of Cambridge are both famous around the world.十三England's Important People Famous authors - Beatrix Potter, Roald Dahl and J.K. RowlingWilliam Shakespeare - famous for writing playsQueen Elizabeth and the royal familyThe Beatles -famous singing group who became popular in the 1960sDido – English Singer十四What English Kids DoEnglish kids like to play football, cricket, tennis and netball.Many kids belong to clubs like scouts, judo, karate and church clubs.Kids also like to skateboard, watch TV, ride bicycles and play computer games. Kids in the cities spend time in the many museums.F十五amous Sights in EnglandBig Ben ClockWestminster AbbeyTower of LondonLondon EyeTrafalgar SquareBuckingham Palace 十六Visit the Sights in the Harry Potter Books!!Go to this website for information on places that are important to find - /Funtodo/England/visitharrypottersites.htmKing's Cross StationLondon ZooAlnwick CastleGloucester CathedralLacock Abbey十七What the English Like to EatFish and chipsTea and biscuits。
4.英国文化知识
Let's Learn About England一IntroductionThe British Isles have a rich history going back thousands of years.The history of the United Kingdom includes also the history of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The history is full of invaders, wars, rulers. 二The Kings and Queens Until 1603 the English and Scottish Crowns were separated.Following the Accession of King James VI of Scotland (I of England) to the English Throne. From the end of the 17th century, monarchs lost executive power and they became subject to Parliament, resulting in today's constitutional Monarchy.三The best known Queen: Elizabeth gave the name to a golden age of poets, statesmen and adventurers. Known as the Virgin Queen, or Gloriana.四The best known King:Claims to the throne of France led to the Hundred Years' War and the loss of almost all the large English territory in France. Eduard III五The Historical Flag When King James VI of Scotland ascended to the English throne, thereby becoming James I of England, the national flags of England and Scotland on land continued to be.Flagś crossesThe Union Jack/Flag includes the Cross of St. George (England), the Cross of St. Andrew (Scotland) and the Cross of St. Patrick (Ireland). 六The Most Important WarsThe Hundred Years War 1336-1565 Wars of the Roses 1455-1487Civil War 1642-1645 Boer War 1901-1902World War I 1914-1918 World War II 1939-1945 七Walesa Celtic land of mountains and coalNorthern IrelandIt is clear today that the Irish problem has not been solved. Northern Protestants feel they have a right to determine their own future democratically. Northern Catholics feel they have the right to be part of a united Ireland. 八ScotlandAn English army arrived to relieve the Scots siege of Stirling. Bruce defeated the English army under Edward II, who was lucky to escape with his life. The Scots victory at the Battle of Bannockburn secured complete Scots independence.九EnglandEngland has always played an important role in the worldś economy and business.十Historical Monumentthe name of a very remarkable ancient monument in England It consists of a great collection of stones 十一A Few Facts About EnglandEngland is part of the United Kingdom which is made up of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.England is part of the European Union.The capital of England is London.The money used is called the pound.The population of England is 60,776,238.The language spoken is English.十二Let's visit some important cities in England.Oxford University and the University of Cambridge are both famous around the world.十三England's Important People Famous authors - Beatrix Potter, Roald Dahl and J.K. RowlingWilliam Shakespeare - famous for writing playsQueen Elizabeth and the royal familyThe Beatles -famous singing group who became popular in the 1960sDido – English Singer十四What English Kids DoEnglish kids like to play football, cricket, tennis and netball.Many kids belong to clubs like scouts, judo, karate and church clubs.Kids also like to skateboard, watch TV, ride bicycles and play computer games. Kids in the cities spend time in the many museums.F十五amous Sights in EnglandBig Ben ClockWestminster AbbeyTower of LondonLondon EyeTrafalgar SquareBuckingham Palace 十六Visit the Sights in the Harry Potter Books!!Go to this website for information on places that are important to find - /Funtodo/England/visitharrypottersites.htmKing's Cross StationLondon ZooAlnwick CastleGloucester CathedralLacock Abbey十七What the English Like to EatFish and chipsTea and biscuits。
5.有关英美文学的知识
1. The work that presented , for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely______. A. William Langland ' Piers PlowmanB. Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury TalesC. John Gower'Confessio AmantisD. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightAnswer: B2. The tragedy of Dr.Faustus, the protagonist in Christopher Marlowe's The Tragic History of Dr.Faustus, is the very face that_____.A. man is confined to timeB. he tried to join Africa to SpainC. he became a man without soul after he sold itD. he conjured up Helen, the lady who was the very course of the Trojan WarAnswer: A3. Here are two lines from a ling poem: "Upon a great adventure he was bond, That greatest Gloriana to him gave." The poem must be_____.A. BeowulfB. John Milton's Samson AgonistesC. Thomas Gray's Elegy Written in a County ChurchyardD. Edmund Spenser's The Faerie QueeneAnswer: D4. Literature of Neoclassicism is different from that of Romanticism in that ______.A .the former celebrates reason, rationality , order and instruction while the latter sees literature as an expression of an individual's feeling and experiencesB. the former is heavily religious but the latter secularC. the former is an intellectual movement the purpose of which is to arouse the middle class for political rights while the latter is concerned with the personal cultivation.D. the former advocates the "return to nature" whereas the latter turns to the ancient Greek and Roman writers for its modelsAnswer: A5. When he writes, in An Essay on Criticism, "A vile conceit in pompous words expressed, / Is like a clown in regal purple dressed", Alexander Poppe means that __________.A. pompous words are always destructive to good tasteB. the purple colour is for the royal only and it is ridiculous to dress a clown in purpleC. conceits are always misleadingD. true wit is best in a plain styleAnswer: D。
6.怎样复习英国文学史
一、制作小卡片，随时复习 《英国文学史及选读》第一题是作家作品对号，此题看似简单，但这10分却不好拿，有的考生作家比较熟悉，却忘了他的作品；有的对作品不陌生却又记不起是谁写的了。
为了加深记忆，便于复习，一个行之有效的方法就是制作小卡片。其内容可包括作家的名字，生活创作的年代，作品的名称（代表作、成名作、其他重要作品）。
还可加上作品中男女主人公的名称，他们之间的关系等等。 当然，如果想详细一些的话，可以在作者的下面补充上其写作的特色，作品的后面加一其主题，限于空间，最好只写要点或关键词。
二、勤于思索，善于总结 第二题是单项选择题，约占总分值的30%，主要考察文学常识部分。这一部分涉及的面较广，应该注意每个作家在文学史上的地位，某部作品在历史转型时期所起的作用，每个时代的文学流派及其特点等等，所做的复习准备工作要扎实细致，对大纲所指定的参考书目要仔细研究，特别要留意书上结论性，评价性的言语。
第三题为双选题，大约占50%的分值，在四个给出的答案中选出两个正确的答案。显然，其难度要比单选题大，不过内容与第二题大体相当，只不过对于某些文学常识不但要记，而且要记得准。
第四题为填空题，大约占10%的分值，其考查内容为文学常识与作品选 读交叉。如在1997年的考题中有这样一道题：All of the novels written by Samuel Richardson are in the form of letters.考的是对某一作家写作特点的掌握，属于文学常识方面的知识；而“Oliver Twist/ tells the story of an orphan, whose adventures provide a description of the lower depths of London.(98年考题)考的是对狄更斯的一部分作品是否熟悉，属于作品选读方面的内容。
第五题为名词解释，份值约占15%。需要的名词往往是某种文学体裁，如：Romance,sonnet,Realistic Novel等；或是某一类别的作家群体，如：Radical Enlighteners,Lake Poets等；再或是某一文学流派，如：Sentimentalism,Neo-classicism等。
回答第一类名词时要说明该体裁的特点，盛行的年代；第二类要说明盛行的年代，代表性的作家，以及其文学主张等；第三类要说明该派别有何特点和主张，盛行的年代和代表性的作家有哪些等等。 三、分析作品，便于记忆 第六题为作品题分析题，约占总分的10%，考生在该题上失分最多。
究其原因，其一，没有花大量的时间来仔细阅读作品，故而印象不深；其二，由于文学语言是语言中的精华，需要有一定的文学修养和扎实的语言功底才能解读明白，尤其是英语诗歌，有些同学可能读了数遍，到头来还是一头雾水，不知所云。该题的出题方式往往是给出四行短诗，让判明出处，即作者是谁，诗的题目叫什么。
还有就诗的主题，诗人所表达的感情，诗中的意象以及其他方面的内容提出问题。若想答好这道题，如果不对作品进行深入的分析是不可能的。
笔者认为略微学点Poetic Form（诗体），即英诗格律方面的知识对于理解记忆诗歌大有好处，如莎士比亚善Sonnet（十四行诗），弥尔顿不朽的史诗Paradise Lost是用Black verse（素体诗）写成，从诗体着眼，有助于我们正确作出判断。另外，还可从Subject Matter（题材）方面入手，英诗有史诗，抒情诗，叙事诗，哲理诗等，选读中以抒情诗为主，如拜伦，雪莱诗中革命激情的奔放，华兹华斯诗中隐含着的对自然欲语还休的淡淡的忧伤等。
换句话说，诗歌的风格，表达的思想感情，都能为我们判断诗歌提供线索。 四、体裁为经，历史为纬 最后两道题分别是简答题和论述题，约占总分的20%，其内容往往涉及到某一作家的写作特点，在文学史上的地位和作用其考查；某一部作品的主题，复述作品的故事梗概；某一文学流派的特点和主张等等。
为准备这部分内容，可以把指定参考书中所有的作家作品按小说，诗歌，戏剧，散文分类，即以体裁为经，纵向比较各个作家各有何特点，当然，这里会有交叉，一位作者的创作领域会有多样性，既可能是小说家同时又是诗人。以历史为纬，把文学史上所有的文学流派纵向分类比较，即某一时期的某一流派是如何既背离又继承前一时期的文学传统，同时又为下一时期的某种文学流派的兴起开辟了道路。
7.关于美国文学的知识
美国文学（Americanliterature或LiteratureoftheUnitedStates）指在美国产生的文学（也包括建国前殖民地时期的文学作品）。
用英语写成的美国文学可视为英语文学的一部分。 美国文学美国文学的历史不长，它几乎是和美国自由资本主义同时出现，较少受到封建贵族文化的束缚。
美国早期人口稀少，有大片未开发的土地，为个人理想的实现提供了很大的可能性。美国人民富于民主自由精神，个人主义、个性解放的观念较为强烈，这在文学中有突出的反映。
美国又是一个多民族的国家，移民不断涌入，各自带来了本民族的文化，这决定了美国文学风格的多样性和庞杂性。美国文学发展的过程就是不断吸取、融化各民族文学特点的过程。
/view/190928.htm具体可参见百度百科哦。
8.行测考前必背：国内外文学常识
文学常识作为考试中经常考察的知识点，要引起考生的注意。
其中，外国文学常识主要对于重要的的人物和代表作品进行反复考察。
以下为外国文学常识中重要的作家与作品，仅供参考，建议反复阅读加深记忆。
一、古代文学
(1)古希腊文学：
1.荷马史诗：《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》
2.三大悲剧家：埃斯库罗斯、索福克勒斯、欧里庇得斯
3.埃斯库罗斯：《被缚的普罗米修斯》
4.索福克勒斯：《俄狄浦斯王》
5.欧里庇得斯代表作：《美狄亚》
(2)古罗马文学：
1.维吉尔：古罗马最重要的诗人，代表作品《埃涅阿斯纪》
二、中世纪文学
1.文学类型：教会文学、骑士文学、英雄史诗、城市文学。
2.但丁，意大利人，著名代表作《神曲》，分为《地狱》、《炼狱》、《天堂》三部。恩格斯说：“但丁是中世纪的最后一位诗人，同时又是新时代的最初一位诗人。”
三、文艺复兴时期的文学
1.莎士比亚：文艺复兴时期最杰出的代表。代表作：四大悲剧《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《麦克白》、《李尔王》；四大喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》、《威尼斯商人》、《第十二夜》、《皆大欢喜》。
2.拉伯雷：被称为人文主义的“巨人”，其代表作《巨人传》是法国长篇小说的开端。
3.塞万提斯：代表作：《堂吉诃德》，是西班牙文艺复兴时期最杰出的现实主义小说。
4.薄迦丘：代表作：《十日谈》，是欧洲文学史上第一部现实主义作品。
5.蒙田：代表作《随笔集》
6.乔叟：代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》
7.拉伯雷：代表作《巨人传》
四、十七世纪文学
1.莫里哀：法国古典主义喜剧家。代表作：《伪君子》、《贵人迷》和《吝啬鬼》，《吝啬鬼》塑造了著名的吝啬鬼典型阿巴贡。
2.弥尔顿：英国诗人，是文艺复兴运动和18世纪启蒙思想运动的桥梁。代表作：《失乐园》。
五、十八世纪文学
1.伏尔泰：法国启蒙运动的首倡者和领袖。代表作：史诗《亨利亚德》、《奥尔良少女》，悲剧《欧第伯》，喜剧《放荡的儿子》，哲理小说《老实人》、《天真汉》。
2.卢梭：启蒙运动中最具民主倾向的代表。代表作：《爱弥儿》、《忏悔录》。
3.歌德：德国伟大的民族诗人。代表作：《浮士德》、《少年维特之烦恼》。
4.笛福：英国现实主义小说的奠基人。代表作：《鲁滨逊漂流记》。
5.斯威夫特：开创英国文学的讽刺传统。代表作：《格列佛游记》。
